
<table style="text-align:center"><caption><strong>Table X5. Additional results: distinguishing between formally and informally-organized communal violence while controlling for recent civil violence.</strong></caption>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>Communal violence (formal)</td><td>Communal violence (formal)</td><td>Communal violence (informal)</td><td>Communal violence (informal)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>Maj./min. dyad (model A16)</td><td>Maj./min. dyad (model A17)</td><td>Maj./min. dyad (model A18)</td><td>Maj./min. dyad (model A19)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left">Territorial autonomy</td><td>-0.624</td><td>-1.160</td><td>1.684<sup>*</sup></td><td>1.589</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(1.246)</td><td>(1.422)</td><td>(0.836)</td><td>(0.972)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Territorial autonomy x included/excluded</td><td></td><td>2.017</td><td></td><td>0.153</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td>(1.753)</td><td></td><td>(0.638)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Included/excluded</td><td>-1.275<sup>*</sup></td><td>-1.585<sup>**</sup></td><td>0.610</td><td>0.538</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.516)</td><td>(0.592)</td><td>(0.390)</td><td>(0.394)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Excluded/excluded</td><td>-0.066</td><td>-0.046</td><td>0.598</td><td>0.587</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.529)</td><td>(0.532)</td><td>(0.577)</td><td>(0.563)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (state, mean)</td><td>3.781</td><td>3.872</td><td>-0.551</td><td>-0.564</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(2.607)</td><td>(2.550)</td><td>(2.583)</td><td>(2.590)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (state, diff.)</td><td>-2.065</td><td>-2.161<sup>†</sup></td><td>-0.131</td><td>-0.141</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(1.329)</td><td>(1.299)</td><td>(1.198)</td><td>(1.210)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (unit, mean)</td><td>1.172</td><td>1.169</td><td>3.703<sup>*</sup></td><td>3.695<sup>*</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(1.191)</td><td>(1.192)</td><td>(1.695)</td><td>(1.699)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (unit, diff.)</td><td>-0.729</td><td>-0.723</td><td>-1.022<sup>†</sup></td><td>-1.014<sup>†</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.549)</td><td>(0.560)</td><td>(0.590)</td><td>(0.598)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Asymmetry</td><td>0.078</td><td>0.068</td><td>0.687</td><td>0.689</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.323)</td><td>(0.329)</td><td>(0.434)</td><td>(0.435)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Population (unit, logged)</td><td>0.203</td><td>0.202</td><td>0.347<sup>*</sup></td><td>0.347<sup>*</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.261)</td><td>(0.262)</td><td>(0.155)</td><td>(0.155)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Area (unit, logged)</td><td>0.252</td><td>0.231</td><td>0.438<sup>*</sup></td><td>0.437<sup>*</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.163)</td><td>(0.176)</td><td>(0.210)</td><td>(0.209)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Avg. ruggedness (unit)</td><td>0.0004</td><td>0.0004</td><td>-0.002<sup>*</sup></td><td>-0.002<sup>*</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.001)</td><td>(0.001)</td><td>(0.001)</td><td>(0.001)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Oil in unit</td><td>1.306<sup>*</sup></td><td>1.305<sup>*</sup></td><td>-1.063</td><td>-1.061</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.558)</td><td>(0.550)</td><td>(1.572)</td><td>(1.574)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Distance capital (unit, logged)</td><td>0.341</td><td>0.356</td><td>-0.399<sup>†</sup></td><td>-0.399<sup>†</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.286)</td><td>(0.301)</td><td>(0.210)</td><td>(0.211)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Distance border (unit, logged)</td><td>-0.058</td><td>-0.053</td><td>-0.239<sup>*</sup></td><td>-0.239<sup>*</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.069)</td><td>(0.071)</td><td>(0.118)</td><td>(0.118)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">GDP pc. (logged)</td><td>-0.340</td><td>-0.326</td><td>-0.302<sup>*</sup></td><td>-0.303<sup>*</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.236)</td><td>(0.235)</td><td>(0.145)</td><td>(0.144)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Population (state, logged)</td><td>-0.555<sup>†</sup></td><td>-0.551<sup>†</sup></td><td>0.069</td><td>0.070</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.335)</td><td>(0.330)</td><td>(0.186)</td><td>(0.187)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Democracy</td><td>-1.128</td><td>-1.173</td><td>-0.287</td><td>-0.289</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.948)</td><td>(0.954)</td><td>(0.680)</td><td>(0.680)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Ethnic fractionalization</td><td>1.213</td><td>1.208</td><td>1.461</td><td>1.454</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(1.531)</td><td>(1.567)</td><td>(1.499)</td><td>(1.492)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Election year</td><td>-0.075</td><td>-0.075</td><td>0.289</td><td>0.289</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.600)</td><td>(0.600)</td><td>(0.222)</td><td>(0.222)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Formally-org. communal violence peace years</td><td>-0.279<sup>†</sup></td><td>-0.278<sup>†</sup></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.159)</td><td>(0.166)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Formally-org. communal violence peace years 2</td><td>0.026</td><td>0.026</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.019)</td><td>(0.020)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Formally-org. communal violence peace years 3</td><td>-0.001</td><td>-0.001</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.001)</td><td>(0.001)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Informally-org. communal violence peace years</td><td></td><td></td><td>-0.299<sup>**</sup></td><td>-0.299<sup>**</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.104)</td><td>(0.104)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Informally-org. communal violence peace years 2</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.020<sup>*</sup></td><td>0.020<sup>*</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.010)</td><td>(0.010)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Informally-org. communal violence peace years 3</td><td></td><td></td><td>-0.0005<sup>†</sup></td><td>-0.0005<sup>†</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.0003)</td><td>(0.0003)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Communal violence spatial lag</td><td>1.535<sup>*</sup></td><td>1.510<sup>*</sup></td><td>0.786<sup>*</sup></td><td>0.786<sup>*</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.681)</td><td>(0.691)</td><td>(0.377)</td><td>(0.378)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Recent civil violence</td><td>2.557<sup>***</sup></td><td>2.556<sup>***</sup></td><td>0.910<sup>†</sup></td><td>0.905<sup>†</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.626)</td><td>(0.650)</td><td>(0.496)</td><td>(0.506)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Constant</td><td>-7.904<sup>*</sup></td><td>-7.860<sup>*</sup></td><td>-7.248<sup>**</sup></td><td>-7.174<sup>**</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(3.805)</td><td>(3.842)</td><td>(2.301)</td><td>(2.257)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">N</td><td>203,208</td><td>203,208</td><td>203,208</td><td>203,208</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Log Likelihood</td><td>-589.003</td><td>-586.941</td><td>-1,097.136</td><td>-1,097.099</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">AIC</td><td>1,228.007</td><td>1,225.883</td><td>2,244.272</td><td>2,246.199</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" style="text-align:left">† p<0.1; * p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001; country-clustered SE’s in parentheses; maj. = second-order majority; min. = second-order minority.</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="text-align:left">The dependent variable is a binary variable equal to one if there is at least one instance of communal violence of the respective type involving a group/dyad in a given unit.</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="text-align:left">Region- and year-fixed effects included but not reported.</td></tr>
</table>
